Materi Sembarang.. hehehe

NOW, lets talk about disinfection. i wrote it not only from one source which unfortunately i forgot the sources.. hehehe... but, the bigline (maksudnya garis besar.. whahahahaha... inggris asal) of the disinfection is about like this. hope this article help you out.

Disinfection is the destruction of pathogenic and other kinds of microorganisms by physical or chemical means.

Disinfectants

are chemical substances used to destroy viruses and microbes (germs), such as bacteria and fungi, as opposed to an antiseptic which can prevent the growth and reproduction of various microorganisms, but does not destroy them.

The ideal disinfectant

a. would offer complete sterilization,

b. without harming other forms of life,

c. be inexpensive, and non-corrosive.

Unfortunately ideal disinfectants do not exist. Many disinfectants are only able to partially sterilize. The most resistant pathogens are bacteria spores but some viruses and bacteria are also highly resistant to many disinfectants.

The choice of the disinfectant to be used depends on the particular situation. Some disinfectants have a wide spectrum (kill nearly all microorganisms). (In the UK there was a long running advert for Domestos bleach in which it was claimed that "Domestos kills all known germs Dead!").

Others kill a smaller range of disease-causing organisms but are preferred for other properties (they may not be corrosive, and relatively non-toxic to humans).

A note on terminology

Disinfectants destroy vegetative microbes (bacteria, fungi) and viruses on surfaces, medical equipment and other man-made objects.

Antiseptics disinfect skin.

Antibiotics either kill or interfere with the life cycle of bacteria inside the body. Substances which kill bacteria are said to have a bactericidal effect, while those which interfere with cell growth and reproduction are said to be bacteriostatic.

Disinfectants and antiseptics are bactericidal (some disinfectants are bacteriostatic at low concentrations): antibiotics can be either bactericidal or bacteriostatic.

Common disinfectants

• Chlorine – Used to disinfect swimming pools, and is added in small quantities to drinking water to reduce waterborne diseases.
• Chloramine – Used in drinking water treatment instead of chlorine because it produces less disinfection byproducts.
• Chlorine dioxide – Used as an advanced disinfectant for drinking water to reduce waterborne diseases. In certain parts of the world, it has largely replaced chlorine because it forms fewer byproducts.
• Dettol – Used to disinfect surfaces at home. It kills the majority of bacteria. It is one of the few disinfectants useful against viruses.
• Sodium chlorite, sodium chlorate, and potassium chlorate have little disinfection effect but are used as precursors for generating chlorine dioxide.
• Alcohol – Usually ethanol or isopropanol – Wiped over benches and skin and allowed to evaporate for quick disinfection. Alcohols are more effective combined with water, 70% alcohol is more active than 95% alcohol. Alcohol is not effective against bacterial spores.
• Hydrogen peroxide – Used in hospitals to disinfect surfaces. It is sometimes mixed withcolloidal silver. It is often preferred because it causes far fewer allergic reactions than alternative disinfectants. Also used in the food packaging industry to disinfect foil containers. A 3% solution is also used as an antiseptic. When hydrogen peroxide comes into contact with the catalase enzyme in cells it is broken down into water and oxygen. It is the oxygen that kills bacteria. However, as recent studies have show hydrogen peroxide to be toxic to growing cells as well as bacteria, its use as an antiseptic is no longer recommended.
• Iodine – Usually dissolved in an organic solvent or as Lugol's iodine solution. It is used in the poultry industry. It is added to the birds' drinking water. Iodine is rapidly neutralised by the presence of organic material, so surfaces must be cleaned prior to disinfection. Although no longer recommended because it increases scar tissue formation and increases healing time, tincture of iodine has also been used as an antiseptic for skin cuts and scrapes.
• Ozone – a gas that can be added to water for sanitation.
• Phenol and other phenolics – The active ingredient in most bottles of "household disinfectant". It is also to found in some mouthwashes and in disinfectant soap and handwashes. Phenol is probably the oldest disinfectant (used by Lister) and was called carbolic acid in the early days of antiseptics. Phenol is rather corrosive to the skin and sometimes toxic to sensitive people, so the somewhat less corrosive substitute phenolico-phenylphenol is often used as part of a disinfectant formula. Hexachlorophene is a phenolic which was once used as a germicidal additive to some household products but was banned due to suspected harmful effects.
• Potassium permanganate – Formula KMnO4. Red Crystalline powder. Colours everything it touches. Used to disinfect aquariums. It is also used widely in community swimming pools to disinfect ones feet before entering the pool. Typically, a large shallow basin of KMnO4/water solution is kept near the pool ladder. Participants are required to step in the basin and then go into the pool. It is also used widely to disinfect community water ponds and wells in Tropical countires. It is also used to disinfect the mouth before pulling out teeth. It can be applied to wounds in dilute solution. KMnO4 is a very useful Disinfectant.